{"id":287,"date":"2015-02-09T20:09:32","date_gmt":"2015-02-09T17:09:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/?p=287"},"modified":"2015-04-11T13:57:46","modified_gmt":"2015-04-11T10:57:46","slug":"farming-britain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/?p=287","title":{"rendered":"Farming in Britain"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><center><br \/>\n<script src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\" async=\"\"><\/script><!-- wikienglish-336x280 --> <ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 336px; height: 280px;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-8601407773370768\" data-ad-slot=\"2337960491\"><\/ins><script>\/\/ <![CDATA[\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n\/\/ ]]><\/script><br \/>\n<\/center><\/p>\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>farming<\/strong> [&#8216;f??m??] \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c [\u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c] \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e [\u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e] \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430<\/p>\n<p><strong>rearing<\/strong> [?r??r??] \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/p>\n<p><strong>hectare<\/strong> [&#8216;hekte?], [-t??] \/ \u0433\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0440 &#8212; A hectare is a measurement of an area of land which is equal to 10,000 square metres, or 100 ares [[??(r)] &#8212; \u0430\u0440 (\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0438 = 100 \u043c2)]<\/p>\n<p><strong>environmentally<\/strong> <strong>friendly<\/strong> &#8212; \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435, \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u044f\u0437\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443<\/p>\n<p><strong>organic<\/strong> <strong>farming<\/strong> [??&#8217;g?n?k &#8216;f??m??] &#8212; \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0435 \/ \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/p>\n<p><strong>cereals<\/strong> [&#8216;s??r??lz] \u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435, \u0437\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0438<\/p>\n<p><strong>oilseed<\/strong> [&#8216;??lsi?d] \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044f \/ \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b [any of a number of seeds from cultivated crops yielding oil]<\/p>\n<p><strong>cattle<\/strong> [&#8216;k?tl] \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442<\/p>\n<p><strong>sheep<\/strong> [?i?p] \u043e\u0432\u0446\u0430; \u0431\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d The meat of the sheep is mutton. \u2014 <em>\u041c\u044f\u0441\u043e<\/em> <em>\u043e\u0432\u0446\u044b<\/em><em> &#8212; <\/em><em>\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/em>. A young sheep is a lamb. \u2014 <em>\u0414\u0435\u0442\u0451\u043d\u044b\u0448 \u043e\u0432\u0446\u044b &#8212; \u044f\u0433\u043d\u0451\u043d\u043e\u043a<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>poultry<\/strong> [&#8216;p?ultr?] \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0430; \u043c\u044f\u0441\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044b<\/p>\n<p><strong>precipitation<\/strong> [pr?s?p?&#8217;te??n] \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438; \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438; \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 (\u0442\u0432\u0451\u0440\u0434\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446)<\/p>\n<p><strong>lend<\/strong> <strong>oneself<\/strong> <strong>to<\/strong> &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a (\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443-\u043b.), \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f (\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e-\u043b.)<\/p>\n<p><strong>crop<\/strong> [kr?p] 1) \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 &#8212; a cultivated plant that is grown on a large scale commercially, especially a cereal, fruit, or vegetable 2) \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0439; \u0445\u043b\u0435\u0431 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044e harvest (plants or their <strong>produce<\/strong> [\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u044b]) from a particular area<\/p>\n<p><strong>crop production <\/strong>&#8212; \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440., \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044b, \u0444\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u0434\u044b, \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e, \u0441\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b, \u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434, \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u044f, \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0440.)<\/p>\n<p><strong>moor<\/strong> [mu? ], [m??] \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0448\u044c A moor is an area of open and usually high land with poor soil that is covered mainly with grass and heather. [<strong>heather<\/strong> [&#8216;he??] \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043a]<\/p>\n<p><strong>dairy cow<\/strong> \u0434\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/p>\n<p><strong>grain<\/strong> [gre?n] \u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e; \u0445\u043b\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0438 Syn: edible seed plants, cereal, wheat, rye, barley, oat, corn, maize, millet [[&#8216;m?l?t] \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e]<\/p>\n<p><strong>East<\/strong> <strong>Anglia<\/strong> [,i?st&#8217;??gl??] \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u044f (\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0438. \u0421\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432 6-8 \u0432\u0432., \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043a \u0438 \u0421\u0443\u0444\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043a &#8212; a region in eastern England that consists of the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk [&#8216;s?f?k], as well as parts of Essex [&#8216;es?ks] and Cambridgeshire counties. [Cambridgeshire [&#8216;ke?mbr?d????] &#8212; \u041a\u0435\u043c\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0436(\u0448\u0438\u0440) (\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0438)]<\/p>\n<p><strong>wheat<\/strong> [wi?t] \u043f\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 winter wheat \u2014 <em>\u043e\u0437\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430,<\/em> spring \/ summer wheat \u2014 <em>\u044f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>barley<\/strong> [&#8216;b??l?] \u044f\u0447\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c malting barley \u2013 <em>\u043f\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0447\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>arable<\/strong> [&#8216;?r?bl] \u043f\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 arable land \u2014 <em>\u043f\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f,<\/em> arable farming \u2014 <em>\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0435<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>pastoral <\/strong>[\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439] <strong>farming<\/strong> [&#8216;p??st?r?l] \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e = cattle-breeding, cattle-raising, cattle-rearing, stock-breeding; cattle husbandry<\/p>\n<p><strong>dairy cattle<\/strong> \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442<\/p>\n<p><strong>beef cattle<\/strong> \u043c\u044f\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442<\/p>\n<p><strong>mixed<\/strong> <strong>farming<\/strong> \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 (\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \/ \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435) \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/p>\n<p><strong>horticulture<\/strong> [&#8216;h??t?k?l??] \u0441\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/p>\n<p><strong>ornamental<\/strong> <strong>plant<\/strong> [???n?&#8217;ment?l pl??nt] \u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/p>\n<p><strong>market gardening<\/strong> \u043e\u0432\u043e\u0449\u0438, \u0444\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0436\u0438 &#8212; the business of growing fruit and vegetables on a commercial scale<\/p>\n<p><strong>viticulture<\/strong> [&#8216;v?t??k?l??] \u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 &#8212; the science, art, or process of cultivating grapevines<\/p>\n<p><strong>oat<\/strong> [?ut] \u043e\u0432\u0451\u0441 &#8212; a cereal plant cultivated chiefly in cool climates and widely used for animal feed as well as human consumption = <strong>oats<\/strong> &#8212; Oats are a cereal crop or its grains, used for making biscuits or a food called porridge, or for feeding animals.<\/p>\n<p><strong>sugar beet<\/strong> [&#8216;?ug? bi?t] \u0441\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0451\u043a\u043b\u0430<\/p>\n<p><strong>rape<\/strong> [re?p] \u0440\u0430\u043f\u0441 \u2014 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 (\u041a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435). \u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043f\u0441\u0430 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0443 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0435\u043b\u044f.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>What is farming?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>It is the growing of crops and the <strong>rearing<\/strong> of animals.<\/p>\n<p>Farming contributed ?5.6 billion to the UK economy in 2006. The total area of agricultural land in 2006 was 18.7 million <strong>hectares<\/strong>, about 77 per cent of the total land area in the United Kingdom (excluding inland water).<\/p>\n<p>Farming in Britain has changed a great deal in the last 30 years. Farming used to employ a great many people in Britain but nowadays, with machinery, a few people can run a huge farm of thousands of hectares.<\/p>\n<p>Agriculture provides around 60 per cent of Britain&#8217;s food needs even though it employs just 1.4 per cent of the country&#8217;s labour force. Britain&#8217;s agriculture is under pressure to change at the moment. Farmers are under pressure to adopt more <strong>environmentally friendly<\/strong> methods such as <strong>organic farming<\/strong>. Organic farming does not use artificial chemicals that can damage the environment and human health. Its popularity has grown rapidly in recent years.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Agriculture Products<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>cereals<\/strong>, <strong>oilseed<\/strong>, potatoes, vegetables; <strong>cattle<\/strong>, <strong>sheep<\/strong>, <strong>poultry<\/strong>; fish<\/p>\n<p><strong>There are many types of farming in Britain.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Different types of farming occur in different regions of Britain. This is due to the influence of relief, climate (especially <strong>precipitation<\/strong> and temperature), soil type and to an extent closeness to the market. Upland areas generally <strong>lend themselves<\/strong> to sheep farming. Flat areas to <strong>crop production<\/strong> and wet\/warm areas to milk and beef production.<\/p>\n<p>Some parts of Britain have excellent soil for crops, while others are used for cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry.<\/p>\n<p>In the north-west of England, Wales and Scotland, farmers keep cattle and sheep. Sheep can survive the cold winters on the hills and <strong>moors<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>In the south-west of England, the rich grass is ideal for feeding <strong>dairy cows<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>In the south-east of England and the lowlands of Scotland, <strong>grain<\/strong>, potatoes and sugar beet are grown.<\/p>\n<p>In the east of England (<strong>East Anglia<\/strong>), <strong>wheat<\/strong>, <strong>barley<\/strong> and vegetables grow in enormous fields.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Types of Farming:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>arable<\/strong> (growing of crops and cereals)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The UK is the fourth largest producer of cereal and oilseed crops in the EU (after France, Germany and Poland) accounting for about 8% of total EU production.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>pastoral<\/strong> (rearing and production of animals including pigs, chickens, hill farming sheep, <strong>beef<\/strong> and <strong>dairy cattle<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>mixed farming<\/strong> (combination of arable and pastoral)<\/li>\n<li><strong>horticulture<\/strong> (production of flowers, fruit, vegetables or <strong>ornamental plants<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>market gardening<\/strong> (production of fruit and vegetables)<\/li>\n<li><strong>viticulture<\/strong> (grapes).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>Principal crops:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>wheat, (the most widely grown arable crop in the UK)<\/li>\n<li>barley,<\/li>\n<li><strong>o<\/strong><strong>ats<\/strong>,<\/li>\n<li>potatoes,<\/li>\n<li><strong>sugar beet<\/strong>, (The UK is the fifth largest producer of sugar beet)<\/li>\n<li>vegetables,<\/li>\n<li>oil seed rape,<\/li>\n<li>fruits.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>Livestock products:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>poultry,<\/li>\n<li>sheep,<\/li>\n<li>cattle,<\/li>\n<li>milk,<\/li>\n<li>meat,<\/li>\n<li>eggs,<\/li>\n<li>wool.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk\/customs\/questions\/farming.html\">http:\/\/resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk<\/a><\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><strong>UK<\/strong> <strong>Farming<\/strong><strong> &#8212; <\/strong><strong>an<\/strong> <strong>introduction<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>rainfall<\/strong> [&#8216;re?nf??l] \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432 &#8212; to measure rainfall \u2014 <em>\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/em> annual \/ yearly rainfall \u2014 <em>\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/em> average rainfall \u2014 <em>\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>plough<\/strong> [plau] \u043f\u043b\u0443\u0433; \u0432\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/p>\n<p><strong>soil<\/strong> [s??l] \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430, \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043d\u0442, \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f &#8212; the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles<\/p>\n<p><strong>conventional<\/strong> [k?n&#8217;ven?n?l] \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043e\u0431\u044b\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0439<\/p>\n<p><strong>integrated<\/strong> [&#8216;?nt?gre?t?d] \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439; \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439; \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/p>\n<p><strong>sustainability<\/strong> [s??ste?n?&#8217;b?l?t?] \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435<\/p>\n<p><strong>input<\/strong> [&#8216;?nput] (\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e inputs) \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b, \u0438\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/p>\n<p><strong>pesticide<\/strong> [&#8216;pest?sa?d] \u043f\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0434, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 [pest &#8212; \u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442]<\/p>\n<p><strong>casual employment<\/strong> \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f [\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f] \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c (\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c) Syn:<\/p>\n<p><strong>ditch<\/strong> [d??] \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0440\u043e\u0432 &#8212; deep ditch \u2014 <em>\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430<\/em> 2) \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b<\/p>\n<p><strong>meadow<\/strong> [&#8216;med?u] \u043b\u0443\u0433, \u043b\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430; \u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0439\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f<\/p>\n<p><strong>copse<\/strong> [k?ps] \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u044c &#8212; A copse is a small group of trees growing very close to each other.<\/p>\n<p><strong>habitat<\/strong> [&#8216;h?b?t?t] \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b (\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f) natural habitat \u2014 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Types of farming:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The climate and topography of the UK lends itself to two distinct types of farming.<\/p>\n<p>Pastoral farming (the use of grass pasture for livestock rearing) is found in areas of higher <strong>rainfall<\/strong> and among the hills, predominantly to the north and west of the UK.<\/p>\n<p>Arable farming (land that can be <strong>ploughed<\/strong> to grow crops) is concentrated in the south and east of the UK where the climate is drier and <strong>soils<\/strong> are deeper.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Farming systems:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the UK there are three main approaches adopted by farmers in their farming system. These are defined as organic, <strong>conventional<\/strong> and <strong>integrated<\/strong>. Organic farming represents around 4% of the farmed area and is based upon the concept of <strong>sustainability<\/strong> utilising the farm&#8217;s own resources. Conventional farming adopts modern technology and utilises other <strong>inputs<\/strong> such as <strong>pesticides<\/strong> and artificial fertilisers while integrated farming makes the conventional approach sustainable. Most conventional farmers practice integrated farming.<\/p>\n<p>Media characterisation of the UK&#8217;s farming systems has widely depicted organic farming as good with conventional as bad. This simplification misses the point as in practice a cross over of approaches exist on most farms.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Farms, farmers and the workforce:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the UK there are approximately 300,000 active farms with an average size of around 57 hectares, much larger than the European average size of approximately 20 hectares.<\/p>\n<p>In 2006 the UK farming employed workforce (full-time, part-time and <strong>casual employees<\/strong>) amounted to 184,000 persons.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Farming and the environment:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Farmers are responsible for managing around 75% of the UK&#8217;s surface area and for maintaining many features that are inherrently perceived as &#171;countryside&#187;. Whether they be, hedges, <strong>ditches<\/strong>, <strong>meadows<\/strong> or <strong>copses<\/strong>, all have resulted from centuries of farming activity and today they are closely integrated into farming practice. Regretably this has not always been the case. In the 1970&#8217;s and 80&#8217;s farmers responded to government incentives to become more efficient often destroying <strong>habitats<\/strong> and countryside features in the process.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ukagriculture.com\/uk_farming.cfm\">http:\/\/www.ukagriculture.com\/uk_farming.cfm<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vocabulary farming [&#8216;f??m??] \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c [\u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c] \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e [\u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e] \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 rearing [?r??r??] \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 hectare [&#8216;hekte?], [-t??] \/ \u0433\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0440 &#8212; A hectare is a measurement of an area of land which is equal to 10,000 square metres,&#8230;<br \/><a class=\"read-more-button\" href=\"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/?p=287\">\u0414\u0410\u041b\u0415\u0415<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/287"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=287"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/287\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":523,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/287\/revisions\/523"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=287"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=287"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=287"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}