{"id":291,"date":"2015-02-10T22:15:07","date_gmt":"2015-02-10T19:15:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/?p=291"},"modified":"2015-04-11T13:58:18","modified_gmt":"2015-04-11T10:58:18","slug":"uk-farming-introduction","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/?p=291","title":{"rendered":"UK Farming &#8212; an introduction"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><center><br \/>\n<script src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\" async=\"\"><\/script><!-- wikienglish-336x280 --> <ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 336px; height: 280px;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-8601407773370768\" data-ad-slot=\"2337960491\"><\/ins><script>\/\/ <![CDATA[\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n\/\/ ]]><\/script><br \/>\n<\/center><\/p>\n<h3>Vocabulary:<\/h3>\n<p><strong>rainfall<\/strong> [&#8216;re?nf??l] \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432 &#8212; to measure rainfall \u2014 <em>\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/em> annual \/ yearly rainfall \u2014 <em>\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/em> average rainfall \u2014 <em>\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>plough<\/strong> [plau] \u043f\u043b\u0443\u0433; \u0432\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/p>\n<p><strong>soil<\/strong> [s??l] \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430, \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043d\u0442, \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f &#8212; the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles<\/p>\n<p><strong>conventional<\/strong> [k?n&#8217;ven?n?l] \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043e\u0431\u044b\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0439<\/p>\n<p><strong>integrated<\/strong> [&#8216;?nt?gre?t?d] \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439; \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439; \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/p>\n<p><strong>sustainability<\/strong> [s??ste?n?&#8217;b?l?t?] \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435<\/p>\n<p><strong>input<\/strong> [&#8216;?nput] (\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e inputs) \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b, \u0438\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/p>\n<p><strong>pesticide<\/strong> [&#8216;pest?sa?d] \u043f\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0434, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 [pest &#8212; \u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442]<\/p>\n<p><strong>casual employment<\/strong> \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f [\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f] \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c (\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c) Syn:<\/p>\n<p><strong>ditch<\/strong> [d??] \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0440\u043e\u0432 &#8212; deep ditch \u2014 <em>\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430<\/em> 2) \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b<\/p>\n<p><strong>meadow<\/strong> [&#8216;med?u] \u043b\u0443\u0433, \u043b\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430; \u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0439\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f<\/p>\n<p><strong>copse<\/strong> [k?ps] \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u044c &#8212; A copse is a small group of trees growing very close to each other.<\/p>\n<p><strong>habitat<\/strong> [&#8216;h?b?t?t] \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b (\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f) natural habitat \u2014 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Types of farming:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>The climate and topography of the UK lends itself to two distinct types of farming.<\/p>\n<p>Pastoral farming (the use of grass pasture for livestock rearing) is found in areas of higher <strong>rainfall<\/strong> and among the hills, predominantly to the north and west of the UK.<\/p>\n<p>Arable farming (land that can be <strong>ploughed<\/strong> to grow crops) is concentrated in the south and east of the UK where the climate is drier and <strong>soils<\/strong> are deeper.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Farming systems:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>In the UK there are three main approaches adopted by farmers in their farming system. These are defined as organic, <strong>conventional<\/strong> and <strong>integrated<\/strong>. Organic farming represents around 4% of the farmed area and is based upon the concept of <strong>sustainability<\/strong> utilising the farm&#8217;s own resources. Conventional farming adopts modern technology and utilises other <strong>inputs<\/strong> such as <strong>pesticides<\/strong> and artificial fertilisers while integrated farming makes the conventional approach sustainable. Most conventional farmers practice integrated farming.<\/p>\n<p>Media characterisation of the UK&#8217;s farming systems has widely depicted organic farming as good with conventional as bad. This simplification misses the point as in practice a cross over of approaches exist on most farms.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Farms, farmers and the workforce:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>In the UK there are approximately 300,000 active farms with an average size of around 57 hectares, much larger than the European average size of approximately 20 hectares.<\/p>\n<p>In 2006 the UK farming employed workforce (full-time, part-time and <strong>casual employees<\/strong>) amounted to 184,000 persons.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Farming and the environment:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Farmers are responsible for managing around 75% of the UK&#8217;s surface area and for maintaining many features that are inherrently perceived as &#171;countryside&#187;. Whether they be, hedges, <strong>ditches<\/strong>, <strong>meadows<\/strong> or <strong>copses<\/strong>, all have resulted from centuries of farming activity and today they are closely integrated into farming practice. Regretably this has not always been the case. In the 1970&#8217;s and 80&#8217;s farmers responded to government incentives to become more efficient often destroying <strong>habitats<\/strong> and countryside features in the process.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vocabulary: rainfall [&#8216;re?nf??l] \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432 &#8212; to measure rainfall \u2014 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432 annual \/ yearly rainfall \u2014 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432 average rainfall \u2014 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432 plough [plau] \u043f\u043b\u0443\u0433; \u0432\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0442\u044c soil [s??l] \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430, \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043d\u0442, \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f &#8212; the&#8230;<br \/><a class=\"read-more-button\" href=\"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/?p=291\">\u0414\u0410\u041b\u0415\u0415<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/291"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=291"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/291\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":524,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/291\/revisions\/524"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=291"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=291"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=291"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}