{"id":316,"date":"2015-02-14T22:45:04","date_gmt":"2015-02-14T19:45:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/?p=316"},"modified":"2015-04-11T14:00:44","modified_gmt":"2015-04-11T11:00:44","slug":"uk-agriculture-introduction","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/?p=316","title":{"rendered":"UK Agriculture &#8212; An Introduction"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><center><br \/>\n<script src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\" async=\"\"><\/script><!-- wikienglish-336x280 --> <ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 336px; height: 280px;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-8601407773370768\" data-ad-slot=\"2337960491\"><\/ins><script>\/\/ <![CDATA[\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n\/\/ ]]><\/script><br \/>\n<\/center><\/p>\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>agriculture<\/strong> [&#8216;?gr?k?l??] \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0435; \u0430\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u044f<\/p>\n<p><strong>cultivating<\/strong> \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/p>\n<p><strong>livestock<\/strong> [&#8216;la?vst?k] \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0430 (\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445-\u043b. \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435)<\/p>\n<p><strong>utilization<\/strong> = utilization [ju?t?la?&#8217;ze???n] \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/p>\n<p><strong>growing<\/strong> [&#8216;gr?u??] \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/p>\n<p><strong>Near East<\/strong> \u0411\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a (\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438) The Near East is the same as the Middle East.<\/p>\n<p><strong>wildwood<\/strong> &#8212; an uncultivated wood or forest that has been allowed to grow naturally [forest = large wood, jungle = dense, impenetrable forest]<\/p>\n<p><strong>slash and burn<\/strong> = slash-and-burn \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0435 &#8212; a method of farming that involves clearing land by destroying and burning all the trees and plants on it, farming there for a short time, and then moving on to clear a new piece of land. Traditional slash and burn farming methods have exhausted the soil. [slash [sl??] \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043a\u0430 (\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0430)]<\/p>\n<p><strong>revert<\/strong> [r?&#8217;v??t] \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f (\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435)<\/p>\n<p><strong>scrub<\/strong> [skr?b] \u0430) \u043d\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u044c; \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431) \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e<\/p>\n<p><strong>woodland<\/strong> [&#8216;wudl?nd] \u043b\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/p>\n<p><strong>barter<\/strong> [&#8216;b??t?] \u0431\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0440, \u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f; \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d<\/p>\n<p><strong>hides<\/strong> \u043a\u043e\u0436\u0441\u044b\u0440\u044c\u0435 &#8212; taking-up of hides \u2014 <em>\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f<\/em> <em>\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430<\/em> <em>\u043a\u043e\u0436<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Saxons <\/strong>&#8212; a people that inhabited parts of central and northern Germany from Roman times, many of whom conquered and settled in much of southern England in the 5th\u20136th centuries<\/p>\n<p><strong>subsistence<\/strong> [s?b&#8217;s?st?ns] \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c &#8212; production at a level sufficient only for one&#8217;s own use or consumption, without any surplus for trade &#8212; the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself, especially at a minimal level<\/p>\n<p><strong>acre<\/strong> [&#8216;e?k?] \u0430\u043a\u0440 (\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0438; = 0,4 \u0433\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 4047 \u043c2)<\/p>\n<p><strong>wool<\/strong> [wul] \u0448\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/p>\n<p><strong>adverse<\/strong> [&#8216;?dv??s] 1) \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 2) \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439; \u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/p>\n<p><strong>famine<\/strong> [&#8216;f?m?n] \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434 (\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435)<\/p>\n<p><strong>starve<\/strong> [st??v] \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0443\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0430 to starve to death \u2014 <em>\u0443\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c\u044e<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Black Death<\/strong> [,bl?k&#8217;de?] \u0427\u0451\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c (\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0443\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435 \u0432 14 \u0432) &#8212; the great epidemic of a disease thought to be bubonic plague, which killed a large proportion of the population of Europe in the mid 14th century. It originated in central Asia and China and spread rapidly through Europe, carried by the fleas of black rats, reaching England in 1348 and killing between one third and one half of the population in a matter of months<\/p>\n<p><strong>farmland<\/strong> [&#8216;f??ml?nd] \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438; \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f &#8212; to cultivate \/ work farmland \u2014 <em>\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>lord<\/strong> [l??d] \u0433\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d, \u0444\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043b, \u0441\u0435\u043d\u044c\u043e\u0440<\/p>\n<p><strong>take on<\/strong> 1) \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0443 2) \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c (\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443); \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f (\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e) &#8212; to take on extra work \u2014 <em>\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c (\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430) \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>on (one&#8217;s) own account <\/strong>1) \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0445 2) \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a<\/p>\n<p><strong>farmstead<\/strong> [&#8216;f??msted] a farm and its buildings &#8212; \u0443\u0441\u0430\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430<\/p>\n<p><strong>yield<\/strong> [ji?ld] \u0430) \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0439 &#8212; good yield of wheat \u2014 <em>\u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0439 \u043f\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b<\/em> \u0431) \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u044f \u0432) \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b\u043b\u044c, \u0434\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434 (\u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0442. \u043f.) \u0433) \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438; \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0430; \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434 (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438) milk yield \u2014 <em>\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>advent<\/strong> [&#8216;?dv?nt] \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 (\u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f), \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434<\/p>\n<p><strong>diet<\/strong> [&#8216;da??t] 1) \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0438\u0449\u0430; \u0435\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c; \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b 2) \u0434\u0438\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/p>\n<p><strong>agrochemicals<\/strong> \u0430\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044b<\/p>\n<p><strong>overlook<\/strong> 1. [??uv?&#8217;luk] = to rise above<\/p>\n<p><strong>long run<\/strong> \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434<\/p>\n<p><strong>environmental<\/strong> [?n?va??r?n&#8217;ment?l ], [en-] \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435; \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u044f\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b<\/p>\n<p><strong>carbon<\/strong> [&#8216;k??b?n] 1) \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434 2) \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c<\/p>\n<p><strong>absorption<\/strong> [?b&#8217;z??p??n] \u0432\u0441\u0430\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0432\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Agriculture<\/strong> is typically defined as the science or business of <strong>cultivating<\/strong> the soil, growing crops and rearing <strong>livestock<\/strong>. Farming is the skill of practising agriculture. The purpose of agriculture is to provide planned food <strong>utilisation<\/strong> for its dependant societies and although <strong>growing<\/strong> crops and rearing livestock are fundamental to this, it is the storage of produce that makes this possible.<\/p>\n<p>Agriculture originated in the <strong>near east<\/strong> over 10,000 years ago before spreading across Europe to reach the UK around 6500 years ago. We cannot be certain how agriculture arrived in the UK but it is likely that it was a result of both &#171;idea transfer&#187; and the arrival of new settlers from the continent. The first farmers began by clearing the native <strong>wildwood<\/strong> and converting the land to agriculture in a &#171;<strong>slash and burn<\/strong>&#187; style. The new land that was cleared was farmed until fertility was exhausted (after about 20 years) at which point the land was abandoned and the farmers moved to start afresh. Meanwhile the abandoned land <strong>reverted<\/strong> to <strong>scrub<\/strong> and then <strong>woodland<\/strong>, later being returned to agriculture.<\/p>\n<p>Since then agriculture has continued to develop, often in phases lasting many centuries, but all having a signifcant impact on the UK countryside.<\/p>\n<p>The Bronze and Iron ages, dating from around 2500 BC until the arrival of the Romans, saw the removal of most of the wildwood that covered the countryside and its conversion to agriculture. Sophisticated farming systems developed and trade (through <strong>barter<\/strong>) was widespread both locally and internationally. Exported corn and cattle <strong>hides<\/strong>, for example, being exchanged with wine and olive oil.<\/p>\n<p>The Romans introduced many technical innovations to agriculture but these were secondary to the creation of a demand led economy that helped drive agricultural output and efficiency. Food followed the army and was either grown locally or transported, being produced to order and paid for in cash.<\/p>\n<p>In the <strong>Saxon<\/strong> period agriculture reverted to a <strong>subsistence<\/strong> form and so it was not until the Middle Ages that population growth and trade encouraged further development. Agriculture expanded to bring every possible <strong>acre<\/strong> under management with moorland and high ground being converted. <strong>Wool<\/strong> was produced and exported in great quantities and became the UK&#8217;s most important industry. Horses started to replace oxen and new approaches were adopted to raise output, all of which helped feed a population increasingly involved in trade and the professions.<\/p>\n<p>However, in 1315 the start of <strong>adverse<\/strong> climatic conditions saw the failure of five harvests and led to the great <strong>famine<\/strong>, many <strong>starved to death<\/strong>. In 1348 the <strong>Black Death<\/strong> swept the UK and the population fell by over a third. <strong>Farmland<\/strong> was abandoned and peasants who had previously been bound to their <strong>lords<\/strong> suddenly found that they were in demand to <strong>take on<\/strong> land and farm <strong>on their own account<\/strong>. Over time they consolidated and enclosed their land forming the <strong>farmsteads<\/strong> that still dominate the countryside today.<\/p>\n<p>Consolidation continued until the eighteenth century when UK agriculture underwent a new revolution based on the adoption of science and technology and <strong>yields<\/strong> rose.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>advent<\/strong> of the industrial revolution further transformed the landscape and led to the UK becoming the world&#8217;s first urban nation. Railways, new roads and an improving transport infrastructure provided fresh food for fast growing towns while imported produce from around the world provided a greatly more diverse <strong>diet<\/strong>. In 1850 agriculture accounted for 20% of national income; by 1900 this had fallen to just 6%.<\/p>\n<p>After the Second World War a new agricultural revolution began. Driven by <strong>agrochemicals<\/strong>, mechanisation and government support, production rose and for a short period <strong>overlooked<\/strong> the <strong>long run <\/strong>requirements for the balanced management of the countryside. This led to much soul searching as to the role of agriculture with calls for it to act with greater <strong>environmental<\/strong> responsibility. But just as the debate between food production and the environment was beginning to settle, the challenge of global warming emerged. A new role for agriculture is developing with energy production and <strong>carbon<\/strong> <strong>absorption<\/strong> perhaps, the story of the forthcoming century.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ukagriculture.com\/uk_agriculture.cfm\">http:\/\/www.ukagriculture.com\/uk_agriculture.cfm<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vocabulary agriculture [&#8216;?gr?k?l??] \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0435; \u0430\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u044f cultivating \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 livestock [&#8216;la?vst?k] \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0430 (\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445-\u043b. \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435) utilization = utilization [ju?t?la?&#8217;ze???n] \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f growing [&#8216;gr?u??] \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 Near&#8230;<br \/><a class=\"read-more-button\" href=\"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/?p=316\">\u0414\u0410\u041b\u0415\u0415<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/316"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=316"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/316\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":529,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/316\/revisions\/529"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=316"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=316"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=316"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}