{"id":55,"date":"2014-11-28T06:59:08","date_gmt":"2014-11-28T03:59:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/?p=55"},"modified":"2015-04-11T13:53:11","modified_gmt":"2015-04-11T10:53:11","slug":"the-british-legal-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/?p=55","title":{"rendered":"The British Legal System"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><center><br \/>\n<script src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\" async=\"\"><\/script><!-- wikienglish-336x280 --> <ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 336px; height: 280px;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-8601407773370768\" data-ad-slot=\"2337960491\"><\/ins><script>\/\/ <![CDATA[\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n\/\/ ]]><\/script><br \/>\n<\/center><br \/>\n<strong>legal<\/strong> <strong>system<\/strong> [&#8216;li?g?l &#8216;s?st?m] 1) \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e 2) \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430<\/p>\n<p><strong>law<\/strong> [l??] 1) \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d 2) \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e 3) \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/p>\n<p><strong>case<\/strong> [ke?s] \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e; \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442<\/p>\n<p><strong>criminal law<\/strong> \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e<\/p>\n<p><strong>reprehensible<\/strong> [?repr?&#8217;hens?bl] \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/p>\n<p><strong>punishment<\/strong> [&#8216;p?n??m?nt] \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/p>\n<p><strong>civil law<\/strong> [&#8216;s?vl] \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e<\/p>\n<p><strong>resolution<\/strong> [rez?&#8217;lu??n] 1) \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f 2) \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 (\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430)<\/p>\n<p><strong>court<\/strong> [k??t] \u0441\u0443\u0434<\/p>\n<p><strong>negligence<\/strong> [&#8216;negl???ns] \u043d\u0435\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0445\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/p>\n<p><strong>give rise<\/strong> \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e<\/p>\n<p><strong>liability<\/strong> [la??&#8217;b?l?t?] \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430<\/p>\n<p><strong>prosecution<\/strong> [pr?s?&#8217;kju??n]\u00a0 \u0430) \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431) \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0432) (the prosecution) \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 (\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435)<\/p>\n<p><strong>criminal court<\/strong> \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434<\/p>\n<p><strong>administrative tribunal<\/strong> [?d&#8217;m?n?str?t?v tra?&#8217;bju?n?l \/ tri-] \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434 (\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438)<\/p>\n<p><strong>corporate body<\/strong> \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/p>\n<p><strong>proceedings<\/strong> [pr?&#8217;si?d??z] \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0440\u0430<\/p>\n<p><strong>injury<\/strong> [&#8216;?n??r?] 1) \u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434; \u0443\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0431; \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 2) \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 3) \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/p>\n<p><strong>breach<\/strong> [bri??] \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 (\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0442.\u0434.) | \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c (\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d, \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u0438 \u0442.\u0434.)<\/p>\n<p><strong>failure<\/strong> [&#8216;fe?lj?] 1) \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 2) \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0451\u0436\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0439<\/p>\n<p><strong>civil<\/strong> <strong>justice<\/strong> \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/p>\n<p><strong>county<\/strong> <strong>court<\/strong> [\u2018kaunt? &#8216;k??t] \u0441\u0443\u0434 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0432 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438)<\/p>\n<p><strong>High Court (of Justice)<\/strong> [ha? &#8216;k??t (?v&#8217;??st?s)] \u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434 (\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u044f) (\u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438)<\/p>\n<p><strong>sheriff court<\/strong> (in Scotland) a judicial court for civil cases, equivalent to a county court<\/p>\n<p><strong>claim<\/strong> [kle?m] \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u044f; \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u0441\u043a | \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c; \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u044e; \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c; \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e; \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c (\u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435)<\/p>\n<p><strong>undefended divorce<\/strong> \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/p>\n<p><strong>appeal<\/strong> [?&#8217;pi?l] \u0430\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0430\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430; \u043e\u0431\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 | \u0430\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0443; \u043e\u0431\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/p>\n<p><strong>first instance<\/strong> \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/p>\n<p><strong>Court<\/strong> <strong>of<\/strong> <strong>Appeal<\/strong> \u0430\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434<\/p>\n<p><strong>criminal<\/strong> <strong>offence<\/strong> \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/p>\n<p><strong>shoplift<\/strong> [&#8216;??pl?ft] \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0441 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439)<\/p>\n<p><strong>community service<\/strong> \u0430) \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b (\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f)<\/p>\n<p><strong>premeditated<\/strong> [pri?&#8217;med?te?t?d] \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/p>\n<p><strong>brutal<\/strong> [&#8216;bru?tl] \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/p>\n<p><strong>prosecute<\/strong> [&#8216;pr?s?kju?t] \u0430) (prosecute for) \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0435 \u0431) \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0432) \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043a<\/p>\n<p><strong>Crown<\/strong> <strong>Prosecution<\/strong> <strong>Service<\/strong> <strong>CPS<\/strong> \u0421\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0430 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432 1885 \u0433. \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b \u043f\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0411\u044e\u0440\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445)<\/p>\n<p><strong>to bring a case before (into) the court<\/strong> \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0434<\/p>\n<p><strong>magistrates<\/strong><strong>&#8216; <\/strong><strong>court<\/strong> \u0441\u0443\u0434 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 (\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043e \u043c\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Crown<\/strong> <strong>Court<\/strong> \u0421\u0443\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b (\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443 \u0441 \u0410\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434 \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0423\u044d\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0430<\/p>\n<p><strong>Central Criminal Court<\/strong> [,sentr?l&#8217;kr?m?nl,k??t] \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434 (\u043f\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u041b\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0435, \u0432 \u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u041e\u043b\u0434-\u0411\u0435\u0439\u043b\u0438 (\u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b))<\/p>\n<p><strong>offender<\/strong> [?&#8217;fend?] \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/p>\n<p><strong>youth court<\/strong> a court of law responsible for the trial of young offenders, (in the UK) replacing the former juvenile courts<\/p>\n<p><strong>comprise<\/strong> [k?m&#8217;pra?z] \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c; \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/p>\n<p><strong>force<\/strong> [f??s] \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chief Constable<\/strong> [&#8216;k?nst?bl] \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0431\u043b\u044c (\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c-\u043b. \u0434\u0440. \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435, \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041b\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Commissioner<\/strong> [k?&#8217;m???n?] \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440 (\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438)<\/p>\n<p><strong>City of London Police<\/strong> \u0413\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f [\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f] \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f (\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041b\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043dc\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u0438\u0442\u0438; \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441 1839 \u0433., \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Commissioner of Police (of the Metropolis)<\/strong> \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440 (\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439) \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 [Metropolitan Police Force] (\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b [Home Secretary] \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0451\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443)<\/p>\n<p><strong>policing<\/strong> \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/p>\n<p><strong>barrister<\/strong> [&#8216;b?r?st?] \u0431\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440; \u0430\u0434\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0445 (\u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0441 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430)<\/p>\n<p><strong>crown prosecutor<\/strong> \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/p>\n<p><strong>retain<\/strong> [r?&#8217;te?n] \u0443\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/p>\n<p><strong>headquarters<\/strong> \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431-\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438); \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0441 (\u0444\u0438\u0440\u043c\u044b)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Official Secrets Act<\/strong> (in the UK) the legislation that controls access to confidential information important for national security<\/p>\n<p><strong>sentencing<\/strong> \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430; \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/p>\n<p><strong>deliver<\/strong> [d?&#8217;l?v?] \u0432\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c (\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435)<\/p>\n<p><strong>discharge<\/strong> [d?s&#8217;????] \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 (\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e)<\/p>\n<p><strong>monetary<\/strong> [&#8216;m?n?t(?)r?] \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/p>\n<p><strong>custodial<\/strong> <strong>sentence<\/strong> \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u043a \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b; \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/p>\n<p><strong>administer<\/strong> [?d&#8217;m?n?st?] \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c (\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430), \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c (\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0435)<\/p>\n<p><strong>repeat(ed) offender<\/strong> \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442<\/p>\n<p><strong>mandatory<\/strong> [&#8216;m?nd?t?r?] \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/p>\n<p><strong>community sentence<\/strong> a sentence whereby an offender is required to perform community service<\/p>\n<p><strong>defendant<\/strong> [d?&#8217;fend?nt] \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a; \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439<\/p>\n<p><strong>conviction<\/strong> [k?n&#8217;v?k?n] \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c<\/p>\n<p><strong>Court of Criminal Appeal<\/strong> \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434 (\u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435 &#8212; \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430)<\/p>\n<p><strong>higher court<\/strong> \u0441\u0443\u0434 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/p>\n<p><strong>lay magistrate<\/strong> \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u044f<\/p>\n<p>Justice of the Peace \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u044f (in Britain) a lay magistrate, whose function is to preserve the peace in his area, and perform miscellaneous administrative duties<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lord<\/strong> <strong>Chancellor<\/strong> \u043b\u043e\u0440\u0434-\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u043b\u0435\u0440 (\u0441\u043f\u0438\u043a\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043b\u043e\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e)<\/p>\n<p><strong>advisory committee<\/strong> \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442<\/p>\n<p><strong>jurisdiction<\/strong> \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u044f; \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/p>\n<p><strong>conclusion<\/strong> [k?n&#8217;klu???n] \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 (\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430)<\/p>\n<p><strong>district judge<\/strong> \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u044f; \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u044f<\/p>\n<p><strong>bench<\/strong> (\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u044c\u044f) \u0441\u0443\u0434, \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430<\/p>\n<p><strong>jury<\/strong> [&#8216;?u?r?] \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445; \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445; \u0441\u0443\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/p>\n<p><strong>domestic proceeding<\/strong> \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c<\/p>\n<p>There are three judicial systems in the UK, one for England and Wales, a second for Scotland and a third for Northern Ireland. Most law comes from statutes passed by the Westminster or Scottish Parliament, but some may arise from European Union law.<\/p>\n<h3>The law<\/h3>\n<p>The law is divided broadly into two categories: civil and criminal.<\/p>\n<p>Criminal law is concerned with actions that the law regards as reprehensible and for which it sets a given punishment.<\/p>\n<p>Civil law on the other hand, involves disputes between individuals or companies, where appropriate resolution is left to the court hearing the case. This can be an order to perform a particular obligation under a contract, compensation for failure to perform a contractual obligation, or compensation for negligence.<\/p>\n<p>In certain cases, a particular action can give rise to civil as well as criminal liability. In a road traffic accident, for instance, the person responsible for a crash will be liable to those injured in the accident and will have to compensate them for their losses. There could also be a prosecution in the criminal courts if this person was driving without due care and attention, or was under the influence of alcohol or drugs.<\/p>\n<p>There are two main sets of courts, civil and criminal, as well as a range of administrative tribunals and other courts which deal with matters specifically referred to them. These include the employment tribunals, VAT tribunals, the charity tribunal, and the immigration tribunals.<\/p>\n<h4>Civil law<\/h4>\n<p>Civil cases are concerned with disputes between one person or corporate body and another. These include, for instance, neighbour disputes, divorce proceedings and personal injury cases, as well as cases between companies such as breach of contract or failure to pay.<\/p>\n<p>Civil justice is delivered mainly by county courts and the High Court in England, and the sheriff court in Scotland. These courts will deal with claims such as landlord and tenant disputes, consumer claims, lower level personal injury cases, undefended divorce cases, and debt problems.<\/p>\n<p>Appeals from these first instance courts are usually to the Court of Appeal in London. Where cases raise important points of law or principle, there can be a further appeal to the House of Lords.<\/p>\n<h4>Criminal law<\/h4>\n<p>Criminal offences are breaches of the law for which there is a set punishment, ranging from a small fine to jail depending on the seriousness of the offence. For instance, shoplifting can be punished by a mere warning or community service, while premeditated or brutal crime will often result in life imprisonment.<\/p>\n<p>Most of the time criminal cases are brought against individuals but it is also possible, in certain circumstances, to prosecute companies.<\/p>\n<p>To bring a case the police will gather together sufficient evidence to allow the Crown Prosecution Service to bring a case.<\/p>\n<p>Criminal cases involving minor offences are brought before the magistrates\u2019 courts. The Crown Court hears the more serious cases as well as appeals from the magistrates\u2019 courts. The most famous Crown Court building is the Central Criminal Court, in London, commonly known as the Old Bailey.<\/p>\n<p>Offenders under 18 years of age are tried in the Youth Courts.<\/p>\n<h4>The police<\/h4>\n<p>England and Wales\u2019 police service comprise 43 forces maintained by local police authorities. A Chief Constable (or Commissioner of the City of London Police and the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police in London), is appointed to head each force. The objectives of each individual force are set by consultations between the community and chief constables to ensure the policing is in line with local requirements. All forces are also set objectives by the government.<\/p>\n<h4>The Crown Prosecution Service<\/h4>\n<p>The Crown Prosecution Service is responsible for all prosecutions arising from police investigations. Nearly one and a half million cases are handled each year. In the magistrates\u2019 courts, lawyers for the Crown Prosecution Service conduct the daily list of prosecutions.<\/p>\n<p>In the Crown Court, cases are presented by barristers who appear on behalf of the service. The organisation is divided into four regions, comprising 31 areas. Each area is handled by a Chief Crown Prosecutor.<\/p>\n<p>Certain cases which require specialist attention are retained by the Headquarters in London, such as breaches of the Official Secrets Act and terrorism and race relations cases.<\/p>\n<h4>Sentencing and appeals<\/h4>\n<p>If a court believes an offender is guilty of the crime in which he has been charged, it will deliver a sentence it believes appropriate to the crime. There are four types of sentences:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Discharge: this can be without any conditions or conditional on no further criminal activity from the offender.<\/li>\n<li>Monetary sentence: this includes any fines or compensation the offender is required to pay<\/li>\n<li>Custodial sentence (prison): this is the most severe punishment the courts can administer. The offender will be required to spend time in prison, the length of which is dependent on the crime \u2013 some repeat offenders will be given a mandatory minimum sentence.<\/li>\n<li>Community sentence: previously known as community service, the community sentence requires the offender to work a certain number of hours unpaid in the community.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Defendants may apply to the Crown Court to appeal an earlier decision made by a magistrates\u2019 court regarding their conviction or their sentencing. To dispute a point of law, appeals can be made to the High Court. Appeals in Scotland are made to the Scottish Court of Criminal Appeal.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"683\" height=\"408\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/aL4ENsRhWzw\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>The courts<\/h3>\n<h4>Magistrates\u2019 courts<\/h4>\n<p>The majority of criminal cases begin in the magistrates\u2019 court, even if they are afterwards passed on to and dealt with by a higher court. The vast majority of criminal prosecutions are, however, dealt with in these courts.<\/p>\n<p>Lay magistrates, Justices of the Peace or JPs, are unpaid and appointed by the Lord Chancellor on the recommendation of local advisory committees. These magistrates can normally only exercise their jurisdiction when two or more of them are present, although single justices have substantial powers now for managing cases prior to trial or other conclusion.<\/p>\n<p>In London and other large urban areas, there are now paid magistrates, known as \u2018District Judges (Magistrates\u2019 Court)\u2019, who are professional lawyers, and who, when sitting alone, exercise the jurisdiction of a bench of justices.<\/p>\n<p>There are no juries in magistrates\u2019 courts. In general, a magistrates\u2019 court is limited to passing a sentence of six months\u2019 imprisonment and to imposing fines and other minor punishments. Provisions exist, however, whereby the justices can send a person who is convicted before them to the higher court if they consider that their sentencing power is inadequate in his or her case. Similarly, after a preliminary hearing, more serious criminal offences are also sent on to the higher court.<\/p>\n<p>Magistrates\u2019 courts also have a civil jurisdiction which includes \u2018domestic proceedings\u2019 (adoption and care proceedings, separation, maintenance, affiliation and guardianship); the granting of liquor, betting and gaming licences; the settlement of certain disputes between employers and employees; and the enforcement of the payment of local rates and of income tax. Cases involving children can be transferred to the high courts where they are of sufficient complexity or importance or there is need to avoid delay or link up related proceedings.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"854\" height=\"510\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/WeNDacwO5NA\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h4>Youth courts<\/h4>\n<p>In dealing with cases concerning children between the ages of 10 and 14 inclusive and young people of 15 to 17 brought before the court in criminal proceedings, magistrates sit as youth courts (formerly known as \u2018juvenile courts\u2019).<\/p>\n<p>Magistrates who sit in the youth court must be members of a panel appointed from among those in the division who are considered specially qualified for dealing with cases involving young people. Up to three magistrates may sit as a youth court and must include a man and a woman.<\/p>\n<p>If a child or young person is charged jointly with an adult, the matter comes before an ordinary magistrates\u2019 court. If the young person is found guilty, that court may remit the case to the youth court, unless it makes a minor order.<\/p>\n<p>For young people aged 10 to 15 the youth justice system aims to encourage parents to take responsibility for their children in the prevention of offending. Parents are required to attend any criminal proceedings where the child or young person is under 16. For children and young people aged 10 to 15 parents will be ordered to pay monetary orders; for those aged 16 to 17 they may be ordered to do so.<\/p>\n<p>The court must consider imposing a Parenting Order to any offender under 16. Parenting orders can consist of two elements: first for the parent or guardian to attend counselling or guidance sessions, and second, a requirement to encourage the parent or guardian to exercise control over the child.<\/p>\n<p>The court will usually consider a report on the offender from the Youth Offending Team before deciding what sentence to pass.<\/p>\n<h4>Crown Court<\/h4>\n<p>The Crown Court is presided over by a High Court judge or by a circuit judge or recorder, depending on the seriousness of the case.<\/p>\n<p>It sits at any place and any time determined by the Lord Chancellor. When the Crown Court sits in the City of London it is properly called the Central Criminal Court, though it is more commonly known as the Old Bailey.<\/p>\n<p>In contested trials (where the offender pleads \u2018not guilty\u2019), judges sit with a jury. In other cases, such as appeals from magistrates\u2019 courts, the judge or recorder usually sits with between two and four JPs.<\/p>\n<p>Circuit judges must be barristers of at least ten years\u2019 standing or recorders who have held that office for at least three years. A recorder, who acts as a part-time judge, can either be a barrister or a solicitor of at least ten years\u2019 standing.<\/p>\n<p>Appeals from the Crown Court may be made to the Court of Appeal Criminal Division. In addition to criminal cases, the Crown Court also hears certain appeals in civil cases which originated in the magistrates\u2019 court or elsewhere.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"854\" height=\"510\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/tZYvv_s5R-s\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h4>County courts<\/h4>\n<p>Most civil cases which are brought in England and Wales are dealt with by the county courts. These courts, of which there are 218, are constituted under the County Courts Act 1984. Each county court has one or more circuit judges assigned to it in addition to one or more district judges. Judicial appointments are by the Judicial Appointments Commission.<\/p>\n<p>Under the High Court and County Courts Jurisdiction Order 1991, all personal injury cases worth up to ?50,000 must start in a county court. Other claims involving debt or damages may generally start in a county court, whatever their value.<\/p>\n<p>The county courts also deal with landlord and tenant disputes; undefended and most defended matrimonial cases such as divorce, nullity and disputes about children (adoption and care proceedings) whether or not the parents are married; maintenance in divorce proceedings; and disputes over consumer credit agreements.<\/p>\n<p>Cases started in a county court may be transferred up to the High Court for trial, providing they are of sufficient substance, importance or complexity. Similarly, cases started in the High Court may be transferred down to a county court if they do not meet the criterion for High Court trial.<\/p>\n<p>Cases involving children can be transferred up or down where they are of sufficient complexity, importance, or there is a need to avoid delay or link up related proceedings. There is a simplified procedure for bringing small claims up to ?5,000 before the court. This makes it easier for a person to bring a claim before a county court without any legal knowledge or professional assistance. This procedure is slightly different in Scotland.<\/p>\n<p>Among other duties, they judge small claims and hear ancillary applications. They may also hear trials of claims up to ?15,000. A circuit judge or district judge has power to commit a person to prison for up to two years or to fine him or her up to ?5,000 for contempt or misbehaviour in court. Appeals on points of law or upon the admission or rejection of any evidence, and sometimes on questions of fact, may be made to the Court of Appeal.<\/p>\n<h4>The High Court<\/h4>\n<p>The High Court of Justice is one of the three branches of the Supreme Court, the others being the Court of Appeal and the Crown Court.<\/p>\n<p>The High Court has three divisions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Queen\u2019s Bench Division, which deals mainly with claims for damages, breach of contracts, actions arising out of civil wrongs such as defamation and wrongful arrest and administrative law;<\/li>\n<li>Chancery Division, which is principally concerned with matters of trust, injunctions, property, company and bankruptcy matters;<\/li>\n<li>Family Division, which has jurisdiction for matrimonial matters, wardship and guardianship, adoption and care proceedings, international matters such as child abduction and proceedings relating to maintenance and matrimonial property.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>The Court of Appeal<\/h4>\n<p>This court has two divisions, civil and criminal, and hears appeals from any of the three divisions of the High Court as well as from the lower courts. The court has 28 judges called \u2018Lords Justices\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>The Lord Chancellor, the Lord Chief Justice, the Master of the Rolls, the President of the Family Division and the Vice-Chancellor are ex officio judges of this court.<\/p>\n<h4>House of Lords<\/h4>\n<p>The ultimate appellate court for all UK courts is the House of Lords. The permission of the Court of Appeal or of the House of Lords itself is necessary before an appeal can be taken to the House.<\/p>\n<h4>Coroners\u2019 courts<\/h4>\n<p>A coroner is an independent judicial officer of the law whose main responsibility is to enquire into all cases in which there is reasonable cause to suspect that a person has died either a violent or an unnatural death, or has died a sudden death of which the cause is unknown, or has died in prison, or has died in certain other prescribed circumstances.<\/p>\n<p>The coroner\u2019s function is to establish who the deceased person was, and how, when and where s\/he died. It is not part of the coroner\u2019s duty to apportion blame or determine questions of civil liability.<\/p>\n<p>Cases may be brought to the coroner\u2019s notice by the registrar of deaths, by the police, by hospital authorities, by medical practitioners, by relatives of the deceased or by members of the public.<\/p>\n<p>The coroner takes full responsibility for the conduct of any enquiries into any death reported to him or her. There is a coroner\u2019s court for every part of England and Wales.<\/p>\n<h4>Administrative tribunals<\/h4>\n<p>Tribunals deal mostly \u2013 though not exclusively \u2013 with matters about which a citizen is in conflict with a government department or other public body. They are a means by which a decision may be taken or reviewed outside and independently of the department or body concerned.<\/p>\n<p>Some tribunals have a detailed code of procedure, others operate in a less formal way. In most cases, there is provision for appeal, whether to an appellate tribunal, a minister or the courts.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"683\" height=\"408\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/hkT3MTDBASA\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>legal system [&#8216;li?g?l &#8216;s?st?m] 1) \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e 2) \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 law [l??] 1) \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d 2) \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e 3) \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e case [ke?s] \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e; \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 criminal law \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e reprehensible [?repr?&#8217;hens?bl] \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 punishment [&#8216;p?n??m?nt] \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430,&#8230;<br \/><a class=\"read-more-button\" href=\"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/?p=55\">\u0414\u0410\u041b\u0415\u0415<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=55"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":513,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55\/revisions\/513"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=55"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=55"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wikienglish.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=55"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}